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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting a vast majority of the human population causing marked morbidity and mortality. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes that affects the eyes and vision. It is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in people. In this review, various nano-delivery systems to effectively deliver antidiabetic compounds in treating angiopathy and retinopathy in diabetes mellitus are discussed. This has been used to overcome many complications in traditional treatment of bioactive compounds with a lower potential antidiabetic effect due to the lower stability of those compounds in gastrointestinal systems and during absorption. Several bioactive compounds loaded into nanodelivery systems are currently in clinical trials, and once these compounds are commercially marketed, nano bioactive compounds will be available as novel medicines to treat many chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus. DR is driven by prolonged hyperglycaemic episodes arising from suboptimal glycaemic control in patients with either Type I or II diabetes mellitus. Elevated blood glucose levels alter the regulation of a number of biochemical pathways leading to superoxide production and oxidative stress in retina. Mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and hypoxia-driven Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) secretion giving rise to vascular and neuronal apoptosis, neovascularization and elevated vasopermeability, respectively. Several medicines loaded with nanoparticles have been developed to enhance the target effectiveness and bioavailability of medicinal compounds with antidiabetic effects in various animal and human models. Bioactive compounds have been loaded into nanoparticles for oral delivery in various antidiabetic animal models, and the results have shown improved stability, bioavailability, and sustained antidiabetic effects. Nanocarriers used in the delivery of drugs are very precise and ensure targeted drug delivery at the disease site. The antidiabetic activity of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded lipid nanocapsules, humanin peptide with elastin like polypeptide nanoassembly, loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles, anti-VEGF-aptamer modified C-Dots as hybrid nano-composite, axitinib, apatinib loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles, mulberry leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles, resveratrol coated gold nanoparticles, fenofibrate-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles, nano-delivery of doxorubicin, insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, silk fibroin nanoparticles, fluorescent silicon nanoparticles-based theranostic probes, topical curcumin nanocarriers, nanoparticles loaded-palmitoyl ethanolamide, hyaluronic acid coated albumin nanoparticles, nilvadipine loaded nanoparticles, cilostazol ophthalmic nanodispersions, naringenin-loaded sulphobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles, emodin-loaded magnesium silicate hollow nanocarriers, yttrium oxide nanoparticles are discussed in this review.
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To prepare the mimetic exosomes and co-delivery proteins and nucleic acids, and achieve efficient and safe co-delivery of multi-component drugs, an optimized formulation was designed by modifying a polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) matrix with a cationic lipid excipient dioleyl trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP), and a PLGA/DOTAP nanoparticles packaged protein and nucleic acid was prepared by double emulsion method, and the outermost membrane structure prepared by reverse phase evaporation method and consists of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol and membrane proteins. The structure of the mimetic exosomes is formed by ultrasonic dispersion and extrusion, and analyzed its characteristics and nature of the transfer effect. The size of mimetic exosomes was about 156.13 nm, with negative charge (-18.23 ± 0.57 mV), and it could efficiently co-transfer protein and siRNA, and siRNA could effectively inhibit the expression of target gene Trim28. The mimetic exosomes simulate the structure of exosomes and achieve safe and efficient co-delivery of multi-component drugs.
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Nanometer material have been widely used in a number of fields because of their diversified physical and chemical effects.Owing to their good biocompatibility,well targeting property and high bioavailability,they are considered as a good support for vaccine adjuvant.In short,it has a targeting function to specific parts,can improve the immunogenicity of new vaccine,avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver and then has less side effect.With these advantages,it has shown a proved potential application for disease control and treatment.So some unique properties of nano-materials are reviewed,with a look forward to the future of their application technology in the areas of and medicine.
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Objective To develop an up-converting phosphor technology based lateral flow assay ( UPT-LF) to detect ricin toxin ( RT) quickly, accurately and quantitatively.Methods Ricin-monoclonal antibodies were prepared and their affinity was evaluated before four types of monoclonal antibodies with the highest titer were applied to couple with the up-converting phosphor nano-particles ( UCP-NPs) as the bio-conjugate and disperse on the analysis membrane as the test line, respectively.Following systematic optimization to establish the RT-UPT-LF strip, the sensitivity, precision, quantita-tive ability and specificity of RT-UPT-LF were evaluated.Results The detection could be accomplished within 15 min and the detection limit of the RT-UPT-LF assay could reach 0.5 ng/ml within the quantitative detection range of 0.5-1000 ng/ml.Other non-specific toxins at a concentration of 1000 ng/ml did not cause any non-specific reactions.Conclusion The developed RT-UPT-LF strip provides a new means for on-site quantitative detection of ricin toxin.
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Background and purpose:Thyroid carcinoma is a common endocrine tumor with an incidence that has increased over recent decades. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of carbon nano-par-ticles-labeled lymph nodes in neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), focusing on the protectiveness for the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and parathyroid glands.Methods:Forty-eight patients with PTC treated from Apr. to Aug. 2015 were randomly divided into two groups. Group A patients (24 patients) were treated with lobectomy/total thyroidectomy plus unilateral/bilateral central lymph node dissection by conventional meticulous capsular dissection technique; Group B patients (24 patients) were treated with the same surgical procedures as group A, 5 min after the injection of carbon nano-particles. The operative time, intra-operative blood loss, incidence of RLN injury, incidence of transient hypocalcemia, the number of total lymph nodes and the ratio of metastatic nodes were collected and analyzed. Results:For unilateral lobectomy, the number of lymph nodes in group B was signiifcantly greater than that in group A (P<0.05). For total thyroidectomy, the operative time, and the incidence of transient hypocalcemia in group B were both lower than those in group A (P<0.05), and the number of total lymph nodes was signiifcantly higher than that in group A (P<0.05). In group B, the ratio of metastatic nodes were 26.7% (unilateral) and 33.3% (bilateral) in stained lymphnodes, and 11.8% and 25.9% in non-stained lymph nodes.Conclusion:The carbon nano-particles-labeled lymph nodes in neck dissection could facilitate to protect parathyroids and increase the number of lymph nodes, especially in total thyroidectomy plus bilateral central lymph node dissection.
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Glimepiride is an antidiabetic drug of sulfonylurea group and indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study was conducted to enhance the dissolution rate of glimepiride solid lipid nano particle dispersions using hot homogenization method and glimepiride solid dispersion by precipitation method. Solid lipid nanoparticles have been used as suitable carriers for delivery of drug with poor solubility. In this investigation glyceryl monostearate and stearic acid were used as solid lipid, Lutrol F-68 as surfactant, Tween 80 as stabilizer and the used polymer were urea crystal and β-cyclodextrin. Three formulations were prepared in different ratios for two methods and were designated as GMLN1 to GMLN3 in case of hot homogenization method and GMP1 to GMP3 for precipitation method. The evaluation of all the dispersions were done by in vitro dissolution studies using US Pharmacopeia type II apparatus (paddle method) in 900ml distilled water at 50 rpm to a temperature of 37°C ± 0.5°C for 45 minutes. In situ and externally sink method revealed the release pattern of drug was found to follow zero order, first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations. Improved dissolution profile was observed in all the solid lipid nano particle dispersions as compared to pure drug as well as market preparation. Thus, glyceryl monostearate and β-cyclodextrin can be successfully used as carrier for improvement of dissolution and bioavailability of glimepiride.
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Objective To develop an up-converting phosphor technology based lateral flow (UPT-LF) assay for rapid detection of Salmonella paratyphi A, S.paratyphi B, Escherichia coli O157 ∶H7 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Methods With up-converting phosphor nano-particles ( UCP-NPs ) as the bio-marker, four double-antibody-sandwich mode based UPT-LF strips for detecting the above mentioned four pathogens were prepared respectively and their sensitivi-ty, accuracy, linearity and specificity were evaluated .Furthermore, the feasibility of detecting bacteria in food samples was evaluated by different food samples artificially contaminated with less than 10 CFU target pathogens .Results The sensitivi-ty of UPT-LF assays for four pathogens was 105 ~106 CFU/ml with excellent specificity .The four strips had a good linear response with the linear fitting coefficient of determination (r) for each target pathogen ranging from 0.985 to 0.996.The positive rate of detecting pathogens from samples was acceptable .Conclusion The four developed UPT-LF strips provide a new choice for rapid , specific and sensitive and quantitative detection of S.paratyphi A , S.paratyphi B, E.coli O157∶H7 and V.parahemolyticus.
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Glimepiride is an antidiabetic drug of sulfonylurea group and indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study was conducted to enhance the dissolution rate of glimepiride solid lipid nano particle dispersions using hot homogenization method and glimepiride solid dispersion by precipitation method. Solid lipid nanoparticles have been used as suitable carriers for delivery of drug with poor solubility. In this investigation glyceryl monostearate and stearic acid were used as solid lipid, Lutrol F-68 as surfactant, Tween 80 as stabilizer and the used polymer were urea crystal and β-cyclodextrin. Three formulations were prepared in different ratios for two methods and were designated as GMLN1 to GMLN3 in case of hot homogenization method and GMP1 to GMP3 for precipitation method. The evaluation of all the dispersions were done by in vitro dissolution studies using US Pharmacopeia type II apparatus (paddle method) in 900ml distilled water at 50 rpm to a temperature of 37°C ± 0.5°C for 45 minutes. In situ and externally sink method revealed the release pattern of drug was found to follow zero order, first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations. Improved dissolution profile was observed in all the solid lipid nano particle dispersions as compared to pure drug as well as market preparation. Thus, glyceryl monostearate and β-cyclodextrin can be successfully used as carrier for im-provement of dissolution and bioavailability of glimepiride.
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Objective To explore the application of adopting the solid phase adsorption method to extract serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the real-time fluorescence quantification PCR( RT-qPCR) by the improvement of solid phase adsorption method . Methods Firstly ,the surface of silica nano-particles was modified with Si-OH for increasing their adsorption ability with HCV RNA .Then the concentration of guanidinium thiocyanate (GuSCN) in the viral lysate was optimized .Thirdly ,the HCV RNA of standard serum samples was extracted using the modified solid-phase adsorption method and then performed in the RT-qPCR .Its standard curve was drawn and the linear equation was calculated .At the same time ,the lowest detection limit of RT-qPCR for de-tecting HCVRNA in serum sample was measured and the detection repeatability was verified .Results The adsorption ability of sil-ica nano-particles for HCV RNA in serum samples was remarkably improved after surface modification with Si-OH .The optimal GuSCN concentration in viral lysates was 4 .23 mol/L .Using the modified method to extract HCV RNA in serum samples was ap-plied in RT-qPCR ,the standard curve and the linear equation were obtained ,the linear correlation coefficient(R2) reached to 0 .999 and the detected linear range was (2 .52 -5 .52) IU/mL or 102 .52 -105 .52 pathogen number/mL .The detection limit of HCV RNA in serum samples was (2 .52 ± 0 .50)IU/mL with good detection repeatability .Conclusion The modified solid-phase adsorp-tion method can greatly decrease the lowest detection limit of RT-qPCR and increase the positive detection rate of HCV .This meth-od is simple to operate ,has low cost and can be widely applied in the HCV detection and the nucleic acid detection of other viruses in clinic .
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Nanotechnology is the application of science to control matter at the molecular level. It is a field that is burgeoning in the recent times, making an impact in all spheres of human life. Microorganisms play an important role in the eco-friendly synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The use of microorganisms for the synthesis of nanoparticles in the lime light of modern nanotechnology is a novel approach. Biological methods of synthesis have paved the way for the greener synthesis of these nanoparticles which can have application in biomedical sciences. In this study, we report the synthesis of nanoparticles of silver by the reduction of aqueous Ag+ by a culture of Micrococcus luteus. The formation of silver nano-particles was monitored by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and elucidated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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Thermochemotherapy by drug-loaded magnetic micro/nano-particles is attracting increasing attention because it combines the advantages of chemotherapy and high targeting and selectivity of hyperthermia,especially intra-cellular hyperthermia.Magnetic micro/nano-particles,usually consisting of biodegradable pely-mers matrics co-incorporated with ferromagnetic particles and anti-cancer drugs,will generate heat when exposed to an externally applied alternating magnetic fields due to electromagnetic induction by ferro-particles,in the meanwhile,sensitivity of anti-cancer drug will be greatly enhanced by higher temperature.Tumors will greatly suppressed by the synergetic effect of chemotherapy and targeted hyperthermia.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of magnetic nano-particles on the therapeutics efficacy of high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU).Methods:The magnetic nano-particles with diameter of 80～90 nm and 200～300 nm were distributed into the egg white phantom respectively.At the same HIFU exposure dose,the length and width of the maximum cross section of the lesions were measured.Results:The results showed that the magnetic nano-particles with diameter of 200～300 nm can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of HIFU,and the areas of lesions were about 2 times larger than those of control group(P0.01).Conclusion:The magnetic nano-particles with diameter of 200～300 nm can change the acoustics environment of egg white phantom and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of HIFU.